# Does the chromatic symmetric function distinguish between trees?

 Importance: Medium ✭✭
 Author(s): Stanley, Richard P.
 Subject: Graph Theory » Algebraic Graph Theory
 Keywords: chromatic polynomial symmetric function tree
 Posted by: mdevos on: February 25th, 2009

\begin{problem} Do there exist non-isomorphic trees which have the same chromatic symmetric function? \end{problem}

Stanley [S] introduced the following symmetric function associated with a graph. Let $x_1,x_2,\ldots$ be commuting indeterminates, and for every graph $G=(V,E)$ let ${\mathcal C}_G$ be the set of all proper colorings $f: V \rightarrow {\mathbb N}$. Then the \emph{chromatic symmetric function} is defined to be $X_G = \sum_{f \in {\mathcal C}_G} \prod_{v \in V} x_{f(v)}.$ So, the coefficient of a term $x_1^{d_1} x_2^{d_2} \ldots$ in $X_G$ is precisely the number of proper colorings of $G$ where color $i$ appears exactly $d_i$ times. It is immediate that $X_G$ is homogeneous of degree $|V|$ and is symmetric.

If we set $x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_k = 1$ and $x_{k+1}, x_{k+2} \ldots = 0$ and evaluate, we get the number of proper colorings of $G$ using the colors $1,2,\ldots,k$. Therefore, the chromatic symmetric function contains all of the information of the chromatic polynomial. In fact, the chromatic symmetric function contains strictly more information about the graph, since there exist examples of graphs which have distinct chromatic symmetric functions but have the same chromatic polynomial.

This natural problem of Stanley remains wide open. It has recently been established for some special classes of trees, namely caterpillars and spiders [MMW].

## Bibliography

[MMW] J. Martin, M. Morin, and J. D. Wagner, On distinguishing trees by their chromatic symmetric functions. J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 115 (2008), no. 2, 237–253. \MRhref{MR2382514}

*[S] R. P. Stanley, A symmetric function generalization of the chromatic polynomial of a graph, Advances in Math. 111 (1995), 166–194.

* indicates original appearance(s) of problem.